The Paris Commune was a radical, socialist government that ruled Paris for 72 days (March 18–May 28, 1871) following France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, emerging from Parisian resentment towards the national government and a desire for self-governance. Established after the National Guard rebelled against government troops, it implemented progressive policies like secular education and worker's rights but was brutally crushed by the Versailles government in "Bloody Week," ending in mass executions and destruction, leaving a complex legacy inspiring future revolutions. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Background & Causes
- Franco-Prussian War: France's humiliating defeat led to Napoleon III's capture and a power vacuum, with Parisians feeling betrayed by the new government.
- National Guard: Parisians, particularly the working class, formed the National Guard to defend the city and grew increasingly radical.
- Economic Hardship: Poverty and discontent, exacerbated by the siege, fueled revolutionary sentiment. [1, 2, 3, 4]
The Uprising (March 18, 1871)
- Cannons: Prime Minister Adolphe Thiers sent troops to seize cannons held by the National Guard in Montmartre.
- Rebellion: Angry crowds confronted the soldiers, leading to the lynching of two generals, and the government forces retreated to Versailles.
- Seizure of Power: The Central Committee of the National Guard took control, establishing the Commune. [3, 4, 7, 8]
The Commune's Rule (March–May 1871)
- Elections: Elections on March 26 created a council with Republicans, socialists, and anarchists.
- Social Reforms: Implemented secular, free education; advocated for women's rights; separated church and state; allowed workers to manage seized workshops.
- Women's Role: Women actively participated as fighters, educators, and activists, forming clubs and committees. [2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10]
The Fall (Bloody Week)
- Versailles Assault: The government army, under Thiers, began its assault in April, retaking territory.
- May 21-28: Government troops entered Paris, leading to fierce street fighting, barricades, and widespread destruction (e.g., Tuileries Palace, City Hall).
- Repression: The army executed thousands of Communards (including hostages like the Archbishop of Paris) and civilians, ending in the massacre at Père Lachaise Cemetery. [4, 5, 6, 10]
Legacy
- Symbolism: Became a powerful, if controversial, symbol for the international left, representing the first worker's republic and inspiring later revolutions.
- Inspiration: Inspired socialists, anarchists, and feminists; its ideals influenced later French social welfare laws and remain relevant today. [4, 5, 9, 11, 12]
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