Parts of Speech 2 II English Grammar II Brain Tech Tutorial II Free for all

Parts of Speech 

1. NOUN

What is called a 'noun' in English grammar?

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, animal, or idea.

In short: The name of anything is a noun (বাংলায়: বিশেষ্য).

Examples include "teacher" (person), "city" (place), "cat" (animal), "book" (thing), and "happiness" (idea).

Nouns are fundamental parts of speech used to identify the "Who" or "What" in a sentence.  

Examples of nouns in sentences:

▪️ John has a blue bag.

▪️ We saw tigers at the zoo.

▪️ This car belongs to my father.

▪️ The books are on the table.

▪️ Riya is going to school.

▪️ Honesty is the best policy. 

We follow the above chart

Types of nouns with examples:

Proper Nouns: Specific names of people, places, or things, which are always capitalized 

(e.g., London, Einstein, Amazon). 

Common Nouns: General names for people, places, or things 

(e.g., city, dog, river). 

Concrete Nouns: Things you can perceive with your senses 

(e.g., keyboard, doorbell, apple). 

Abstract Nouns: Ideas, qualities, or feelings you cannot physically touch

(e.g., love, honesty, bravery). 

Collective Nouns: Words for a group of people or things 

(e.g., team, herd, flock). 

Compound Nouns: Nouns made of two or more words 

(e.g., toothbrush, rainfall, mother-in-law).

Nouns and their uses

Nouns are indispensable in English grammar, forming the underlying structure of sentences. They can assume various roles, including subjects, objects, complements, appositives, or objects of prepositions. Here are some key points about nouns and their purposes:

• Subjects: Nouns act as the subjects of sentences, providing the information about what the sentence is about. 
• For example, in the sentence "The lion chased
• the goat", "lion" is the subject of the verb
• "chased".
• 
  
• Objects: Nouns can also be objects of verbs, receiving the action of the verb. 
• For instance, in "Jane was happy", "happiness" is the object of the verb "was happy". 
• 
  
• Complements: Nouns can function as 
• complements, providing additional information about the subject or object. 
• For example, in the sentence "The lion chased the goat,"
• "the goat" is the object complement of the 
• verb "chased". 

• Objects of Prepositions: Nouns can be objects of prepositions, indicating the relationship between the subject and object of the sentence. For example, in "The lion chased the goat of the forest," "the goat" is the object of the preposition "of." 

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Related Chapter: 

► NUMBER in English Grammar 

 

In English grammar, "number" refers to the category that distinguishes between a single item (singular) and multiple items (plural). This grammatical concept applies to nouns, pronouns, and verbs to show if a subject is singular or plural.  

Examples:

·         Singular: "a chair" or "he"

·         Plural: "chairs" or "they"

· Singular verb: "The dog is running."

·         Plural verb: "The dogs are running."

 

Types of numbers

· Singular: Refers to a single person, place, or thing.

Example: "a book", "one child", "she"

·Plural: Refers to more than one person, place, or thing.

Example: "books", "two children", "they" 

How to change the number

·Regular: 

Most nouns form the plural by adding "-s" or "-es".

cat: Singular: -> Plural: cats

box: Singular: -> Plural: boxes

·Irregular: 

Some nouns have irregular plural forms that do not follow the standard rules.

child: Singular: -> Plural: children

 mouse: Singular: -> Plural: mice

 man: Singular: -> Plural: men

 

► Gender in English Grammar 

In English grammar, gender classifies nouns and pronouns into four types: masculine (males), feminine (females), common (either male or female), and neuter (inanimate objects or things). This classification is primarily seen in pronouns (he, she, it) and specific nouns, and it helps determine the correct pronouns to use.  

Types of gender

§  Masculine: Refers to males, such as boy, king, and actor. 

§ Feminine: Refers to females, such as a girl, queen, and actress. 

§ Common: Refers to either a male or female, such as a child, doctor, or teacher. 

§  Neuter: Refers to non-living things or objects without gender, such as a book, pen, and table. 

How gender is used

§  Pronouns: Gender is most evident in third-person pronouns, which change based on the noun's gender (e.g., 'he' for a boy, 'she' for a girl, and 'it' for a book). 

§  Nouns: Some nouns have distinct masculine and feminine forms, like waiter/waitress or husband/wife, while many nouns are neutral or common. 

Not all nouns have a gender: The majority of nouns in English are neuter, or gender-neutral. 

 

► Gerund: A noun ending in 'ing', that has been made from a verb

Examples: 

swim + ing = swimming (Swimming is a good exercise.) 

run + ing = running (Running is good for health.)

2. PRONOUN

What is called a pronoun in English grammar? 

In English grammar, a pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun to avoid repetition. For example, instead of saying, "Mary went to the store," you can say, "She went to the store." Here, "she" is a pronoun that replaces the noun "Mary". Pronouns can refer to specific people or things and can function as a subject or object in a sentence. 

• Purpose: To avoid repeating a noun.
• Function: To act as a substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
• Examples: Common pronouns include he, she, it, they, we, you, and I. 

3. ADJECTIVE

What is called an adjective in English grammar?

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun, providing more information about its qualities, characteristics, or quantity. For example, in the sentence "the tall building," the word "tall" is an adjective that describes the noun "building". Adjectives can be used to convey a variety of information, such as size, color, age, and emotion, and can also be used to compare nouns (comparative adjectives) or show the highest or lowest degree of a quality (superlative adjectives). 

• F uhunction: Adjectives add detail and specificity to sentences by telling you what kind of noun you're talking about, how much of it there is, or how many.
• Placement: They typically appear before the noun they modify (e.g., "a red car") or after a linking verb like "to be" (e.g., "the car is red").
• Examples:
  • "The happy dog wagged its tail." (describes the noun "dog")
  • "She bought a large, blue box." (describes the noun "box")
  • "He is the fastest runner in the race." (shows the highest degree of speed)
  
  

4. VERB

5. ADVERB

6. PREPOSITIONS

What is called a preposition in English grammar?

Use of
Preparations

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words in a sentence, showing relationships of time, place, direction, and movement. They are typically short words like in, on, at, to, and for and are usually placed directly before a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition. Combining a preposition and its object forms a prepositional phrase. 

What prepositions do

• Show relationship: They connect a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence to show how they relate to each other.
• Indicate time: Examples include in the morning, at noon, or since childhood.
• Indicate place/location: Examples include at the office, in the park, or next to the door.
• Show direction or movement: Examples include to the store or run through the grass.
• Show possession or other logical connections: Examples include a book of poems or a person with a plan. 

Key characteristics

• Placement: Prepositions are usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
• Prepositional phrases: A preposition plus its object (and any other words in the phrase) forms a prepositional phrase. For example, in "the cat on the mat," on the mat is the prepositional phrase.
• Clarity: Prepositional phrases provide important details and context to a sentence. 

7. CONJUNCTIONS

8. INTERJECTION

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